![]() ![]() Each element and detail are proportional to each other, this occurrence is also known as the sacred geometry. These patterns make up the exterior of Hindu temples. The repetition of these replication parts symbolizes the natural phenomena of fractal patterns found in nature. Hindu temples, the symbolic representation of cosmic model is then projected onto Hindu temples using the Vastu Shastra principle of Sukha Darshan, which states that smaller parts of the temple should be self-similar and a replica of the whole. The rituals of daily worship at the temple also follow rules laid out in the Agamas. The Manasara and Silpasara are works that deal with these rules. Įlaborate rules are laid out in the Agamas for Shilpa (the art of sculpture) describing the quality requirements of such matters as the places where temples are to be built, the kinds of image to be installed, the materials from which they are to be made, their dimensions, proportions, air circulation, and lighting in the temple complex. The Agamas are a collection of Sanskrit, Tamil, and Grantha scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of idols, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires, and four kinds of yoga. Islamic geometric patterns are used in the Quran, Mosques and even in the calligraphies. ![]() Geometric patterns occur in a variety of forms in Islamic art and architecture including kilim carpets, Persian girih and Moroccan/Algerian zellige tilework, muqarnas decorative vaulting, jali pierced stone screens, ceramics, leather, stained glass, woodwork, and metalwork. The complexity and variety of patterns used evolved from simple stars and lozenges in the ninth century, through a variety of 6- to 13-point patterns by the 13th century, and finally to include also 14- and 16-point stars in the sixteenth century. ![]() These may constitute the entire decoration, may form a framework for floral or calligraphic embellishments, or may retreat into the background around other motifs. The geometric designs in Islamic art are often built on combinations of repeated squares and circles, which may be overlapped and interlaced, as can arabesques (with which they are often combined), to form intricate and complex patterns, including a wide variety of tessellations. The latter drawing was itself based on the much older writings of the Roman architect Vitruvius. Many of the sacred geometry principles of the human body and of ancient architecture were compiled into the Vitruvian Man drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. Mandala Vaatikas or Sacred Gardens were designed using the same principles. Indian and Himalayan spiritual communities often constructed temples and fortifications on design plans of mandala and yantra. Medieval European cathedrals also incorporated symbolic geometry. Geometric ratios, and geometric figures were often employed in the designs of ancient Egyptian, ancient Indian, Greek and Roman architecture. I would go so far as to say that geometry not only deserves a place at the table alongside physics and cosmology, but in many ways it is the table." Natural forms įurther information: Mathematics and architecture, Mathematics and art, and Islamic geometric patterns Geometry's role in this may be less obvious, but is equally vital. Physics and cosmology have been, almost by definition, absolutely crucial for making sense of the universe. "Lest one conclude that geometry is little more than a well-calibrated ruler – and this is no knock against the ruler, which happens to be a technology I admire – geometry is one of the main avenues available to us for probing the universe. Harvard mathematician Shing-Tung Yau expressed a belief in the centrality of geometry in 2010: Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) believed in the geometric underpinnings of the cosmos. In modern times, the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss adapted this quote, saying "God arithmetizes". Plutarch attributed the belief to Plato, writing that "Plato said god geometrizes continually" ( Convivialium disputationum, liber 8,2). The belief that a god created the universe according to a geometric plan has ancient origins. ![]()
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